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Notes

1. The best account of Llull's career is Jocelyn N. Hillgarth, Ramon Lull and Lullism in Fourteenth Century France (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).
2. For an explanation of Llull's General Art, its genesis, and possible sources, see Hillgarth, Ramon Lull and Lullism, pp. 1-45.
3. Most notably Erhard-Wolfram Platzeck, in his studies La evolución de la lógica griega en el aspecto esencial de la analogia (Barcelona: C.S.I.C., 1954), Raimund Lull. Sein Leben Seine Werke, 2 vols. (Rome: Editiones Franciscanae, 1962-64), and "Raimund Lulls Auffassung von der Logik (Was ist an Lulls Logik formale Logik?)," Estudios Lulianos, 2 (1958), 5-36 and 273-96.
4. Or, even more fancifully, of computer programming, as Ernest Moody suggests in his contribution to the article "History of Logic" in Paul Edwards, ed. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 8 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1967), 4: 530. Virtually all such characterizations of Llull's combinatory methods are due to insufficient knowledge of their real methods.
5. Most notably Robert D. F. Pring-Mill in his studies "The Analogical Structure of the Lullian Art," in Islamic Philosophy and the Classical Tradition: Essays presented to Richard Walzer (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1973), pp. 315-26; El microcosmos lul.lià (Oxford: Dolphin, 1961); and "The Trinitarian World-Picture of Ramon Lull," Romanistisches Jahrbuch, 7 (1955-56), 229-56.
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6. See his Libre de intenció, composed before 1283, edited by Salvador Galmés in Llull's Obres Originals, vol. 18 (Palma de Mallorca: Diputació Provincial de Balears & Institut d'Estudis Catalans, 1935), pp. 1-66.
7. See his Libre de meravelles, chaps. 3, 46, 63, and 68, in the edition of Salvador Galmés, 4 vols. (Barcelona: Barcino, 1931-34). For a survey of the traditional doctrines that form Llull's views, see Jean Rohmer, La Finalité morale chez les theologiens de Saint Augustin à Duns Scot (Paris: J. Vrin, 1939).
8. De doctrina christiana 1.3.3.
9. Monologium, chap. 68.
10. The Spiritual Logic of Ramon Llull (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986).
11. Quotations from the Rethorica nova are my translations from the Latin text in Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS latinus 6443c, ff. 95vb-109va. Reference numbers indicate divisions of distinction, chapter, and paragraph suggested in this text and used in a critical edition currently in preparation. The only existing account of this text is Jordi Rubió Balaguer, "La 'Rethorica nova' de Ramon Llull," Estudios Lulianos, 3 (1959), 5-20 and 263-74.
12. 10.100; p. 536. All references are to the text printed in Raymundi Lulli Opera (Strasbourg: L. Zetzner, 1607), pp. 218-663. Reference numbers indicate part and chapter.
13. Rethorica nova 2.3; f. 97vb.
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14. Among Classical texts, see Rhetorica ad Herennium 1.4.6-7 and Cicero, De oratore 3.44.173-51.198; among preaching manuals, see Humbert of Romans, De eruditione praedicatorum 4.18-20, ed. Joachim Joseph Berthier in Opera de vita regulari, vol. 1 (Rome: A. Befani, 1888), pp. 373-484.
15. Rethorica nova 2.4,5,8; ff. 98va, 99fa, 102vb.
16. As in Robert of Basevorn, Forma praedicandi, chaps. 34 & 39, ed. Th.-M. Charland, Artes praedicandi. Contribution à l'Histoire de la Rhetorique au Moyen Age (Paris: J. Vrin, 1936), pp. 231-323, and Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Poetria nova, lines 146-7, ed. Edmond Faral, Les Arts poéiques du xii et du xiiie siècle (Paris: Champion, 1923), pp. 194-262.
17. For example, Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Poetria nova, lines 1761-1841.
18. Rethorica nova 2.4 & 6-7; ff. 98va & 101vb-lO2rb. Ars generalis ultima 10. 100; p. 537.
19. Rethorica nova 2.4; f. 98va.
20. Rethorica nova 2.4 & 7; ff. 98vb & 101rb.
21. Rethorica nova 2.6; f. 102ra.
22. Ars generalis ultima 10.100; p. 537.
23. Forma praedicandi, chap. 14.
24. On beauty as a transcendental among the Scholastics, see Henri Pouillon, "La beauté, propriété transcendentale chez les
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Scholastiques," Archives d'Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Age, 15 (1946), 263-328.
25. As reported by Aquinas, Summa Theologiae la.5,4 ad 1.
26. In his Proverbis de Ramon 169.1, ed. Salvador Galmés in Obres Originals, vol 14 (Palma de Mallorca: Diputació Provincial de Balears & Institut d'Estudis Catalans, 1928), pp. 1-324.
27. Rethorica nova 1.1; f. 96ra.
28. Rethorica nova 2.4 & 7; ff. 98vb & 102rb-vb. Cf. Ars generalis ultima 10. 100; p. 537.
29. Rethorica nova 1.5-6; ff. 96va-b and cf. 3.12; 106rb. Cf. also Ars generalis ultima 10.100; p. 537.
30. As in Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Poetria nova, lines 151-52.
31. Rethorica nova 1.7; ff. 96vb-97rb and cf. 3.10; f. 105va.
32. As in the anonymous Rationes dictandi, chaps. 5 & 9, ed. Ludwig Rockinger, Briefsteller und Formelbücher des eilften bis viersehnten Jahrhunderts (Munich, 1863; rprt. New York: Burt Franklin, 1961), pp. 9-28, and Giovanni Fiorentino da Vignano, Somma d'arengare, chap. 1, ed. Carlo Frati, "'Flore de parlare' o 'Somma d'arengare' attribuita a Ser Giovanni Fiorentino da Vignano in un codice Marciano," Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana, 61 (1913), 1-31.
33. Rethorica nova 1.6; f. 96vb.
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34. Rethorica nova 1.2; f. 96rb.
35. Ars generalis ultima 10.100; p. 536.
36. As in Humbert of Romans, De eruditione praedicatorum 2.8.
37. De doctrina christiana 2.16.23-26 and 2.28.42-31.48.
38. Liber de praedicatione 2.A.1-9, ed. Abraham Soria Flores in Opera Latina, vols. 3-4 (Palma Mallorca: C.S.I.C., 1961-63).
39. 10.100 & 113; pp. 536-7 & 554-5.
40. As in Donatus's Ars grammatica, ed. Heinrich Keil, Probi Donati Servii qui feruntur de arte grammatica libri, Grammatici Latini, vol. 4 (Leipzig: Teubner, 1864), pp. 367-402.
41. As in John of Garland, Parisiana poetria 1.161-65, ed. Traugott Lawler, The Parisiana Poetria of John of Garland (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), or Vincent of Beauvais, Speculum doctrinale 3.113 in Bibliotheca mundi, 4 vols. (Douay, 1624; rprt. Graz: Akademische Druck.v.Verlagsanstalt, 1964-65.
42. As in Humbert of Romans, De eruditione praedicatorum 4.20.
43. As urged by Gregory the Great in his Regula pastoralis 3.1; cf. Humbert of Romans, De eruditione praedicatorum 4.18.
44. Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Poetria nova, lines 1761-1841.
45. Rationes dictandi, chap. 5.
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46. The best-known account was Peter of Spain, Summule logicales 1.3 & 7, ed. L.M. De Rijk, Tractatus called afterwards Summule logicales (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1972).
47. An excellent example is the little treatise by Albertano da Brescia, Tractatus de arte loquendi et tacendi 1.1, ed. Thor Sundby, Della Vita e delle Opere di Brunetto Latini (Florence: Le Monier, 1884), pp. 475-506.
48. This triad was best known from Isidore, Etymologiae, 2.16.1.
49. Cicero, De inventione 1.29.44; 2.52.157; 2.59.177.
50. Rethorica nova 3.12; ff. 106rb-va.
51. Rethorica nova 3.13; f. 106vb.
52. Rethorica nova3.11; f. 106ra.
53. Rethorica nova 2.5 & 8; ff. 99ra-101vb & 102vb-103va.
54. In his Proverbis de Ramon, Mil proverbis, and Proverbis d-ensenyament, ed. Salvador Galmés, Obres Originals, vol. 14 (Palma de Mallorca: Diputació Provincial de Balears & Institut d'Estudis Catalans, 1928).
55. On these see the extremely useful study by Richard H. and Mary A. Rouse, Preachers, Florilegia, and Sermons: Studies on the Manipulus florum of Thomas of Ireland (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1979).
56. De doctrina christiana 1.35.39-36.40.
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57. As in Humbert of Romans, De eruditione praedicatorum 2.11.
58. Ars generalis ultima 10.100; p. 536.
69. Rethorica nova 2.2; f. 97va.
60. Rethorica nova 2.2; f. 97va.
61. Rethorica nova 2.2; f. 97vb.
62. Rethorica nova 1.2; f. 96rb.
63. Rethorica nova 3.23; f. 107vb.
64. Rethorica nova 3.1; f. 103va.
65. Rethorica nova 3.8; f. 105rb.
66. Rethorica nova 3.3; f. 104ra.
67. Rethorica nova 4.1; f. 108fa.
68. Libre de anima racional 10.10.3, ed. Miquel Tous Gayà and Rafel Ginard Bauĉè, Obres Originals, vol. 21 (Palina de Mallorca: Diputació Provincial de Balears & Institut d'Estudis Catalans, 1950), pp. 161-304.
69. Rethorica nova Prol.; f. 95vb.
70. Didascalicon 6.5, ed. Charles H. Buttimer, Didascalicon de studio legendi (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 1939). 1