1. For the most recent edition of Vita Herluini see Anna Sapir Abulafia and G.
R. Evans, eds., The Works of Gilbert Crispin (London, 1986), pp. 185-212. There is also
an excellent edition in J. A. Robinson, Gilbert Crispin, Abbot of Westminster: A Study of the
Abbey under Norman Rule, Notes and Documents Relating to Westminster Abbey, 3
vols. (Cambridge, Eng., 1911), 3, 83-110. An older and less reliable edition appears in J. P.
Migne, ed., Patrologia cursus completus, series Latina, 221 vols. (Paris,
1844-1864), 150, cols. 697-714, hereafter PL.
2. "Praefatio ad vitam sancti Herluini," PL, 150, cols. 695-96. The editors
think the preface may have been written by Milo Crispin, to whom they attribute the vitae
of the later abbots William and Boso of Bec. See PL, 150, cols. 695-96, note 76.
page 14
3. "Prefaefatio ad vitam sancti Herluini," PL 150, cols 695-96.
Subsequent references to this edition are given by column number in the text.
4. A. A. Porée, Histoire de L'Abbaye du Bec, 2 vols. (Evreux, 1901).
5. Margaret Gibson, Lanfranc of Bec (Oxford, 1978), p. 34: "Herluin
allowed Lanfranc to 'open' the school specifically as an expedient to attract gifts." She
also claims that "It is not unlikely that Herluin's permission to 'open' the school ended
when Lanfranc went to Caen" (p. 35).
6. A. J. MacDonald, Lanfranc: A Study of His Life, Work and Writing (Oxford,
1926), pp. 266-67: "If one feature more than another was specifically characteristic of him,
it was a sound and practical common sense exercised in the fulfiment of duty. . . . Lanfranc has his
place among the ablest of our administrators. . . . . The Norman monasteries sheltered in those
days the ablest men of executive and administrative capacity in Europe. . . . As an adviser of the
King in the matters of State he was the first medieval ecclesiastic to show the power and
efficiency of the Church in the sphere of practical politics as distinct from ecclesiastical theory,
and to foreshadow . . . the high function of the English Prime Minister."
7. S. N. Vaughn, Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan: The Innocence of the Dove
and the Wisdom of the Serpent (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1987), pp. 68-70.
8. R. W. Southern, St. Anselm and his Biographer: A Study of Monastic Life and
Thought, 1059-c. 1130 (Cambridge, Eng., 1963, repr. 1966), p. 30: " [Anselm] seems
to have made no attempt to rival Lanfranc in his fame as a teacher . . . . Anselm's only pupils
appear to have been members of the community; it was probably only much later that strangers
came to him for the solution of their problems. He seems to have abandoned, or only unwillingly
given his mind to, formal teaching. We hear no more of the school of Bec in the form in which it
had developed under Lanfranc. . . . . Eadmer did not know him in those days. . . ." On
Eadmer's Englishness, see pp. 274-87 and 309-13. See also R. W. Southern, Saint Anselm:
A Portrait in a Landscape (Cambridge, Eng., 1990), p. 65: "After 1078, Anselm knew
that he and Lanfranc had parted company in some fundamental way. Lanfranc had become
increasingly the great organizer, devoted to the pursuit of order in all things, but more capable of
bringing order into practical affairs than into a theoretical system. Anselm, by contrast had
become the great creator of an ideal world of thought and interior experience."
9. For a comprehensive bibliography of works on Anselm's philosophy and theology up
to 1972, see Jasper Hopkins, A Companion to the Study of St. Anselm (Minneapolis,
1972), pp. 257-75.
10. Avril Saltman, Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury (New York, 1969), p.
7: "Although the great age of Lanfranc and Anselm had passed [at Bec], their pupils such as
Boso remained to give instruction, and of course
page 15
the books were still there. On the legal side there were books entitled . . . . Theologians included
Tertullian, Jerome, . . . " (p. 7). It is thus as a hard-working administrator that Theobald will
probably be characterised in the textbooks yet to appear, but at the same time his sterling moral
qualities should not be forgotten. As a faithful servant of pope and king . . . " (Introduction, p. x).
For connections to Becket, see Saltman, Theobald, p. 11.
11. There is some dispute about the date of this visit. I have argued elsewhere that the
visit occurred in the period between summer 1080 and summer 1081; see Vaughn, Anselm of
Bec and Robert of Meulan, p. 63 and note 220.
12. Eadmer, The Life of St. Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. R. W.
Southern (Oxford, 1972), pp. 50-55. Subsequent references to this edition are cited by page
number in the
text, also referred to as Vita Anselmi, below.
13. Southern, The Life of St. Anselm, p. 52, note 1. See also the superb article
by Jay Rubenstein, "Liturgy Against History: The Competing Visions of Lanfranc and
Eadmer of Canterbury," Speculum 74 (1999), 279-309.
14. Anselm, Epistolae, in Sancti Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera
omnia, ed. F. S. Schmit, 6 vols. (Stuttgart-Bad Canstatt, 1963-68). All references are to this
edition and are hereafter cited by epistle, Volume, and page number. Epistle 39 is quoted here, vol.
3, 149-51.
15. St. Anselm, The Letters of St. Anselm, tr. Walter Fröhlich, 3 vols.
(Kalamazoo 1990-94), 1, 141.
16. Anselm, Epistle 4, vol. 3, 103-5.
17. D. Gabrielis Gerberon, ed., S. Anselmi Beccensi Abbate Cantuariensis
Archiepiscopi
Opera Omnia nec non Eadmeri Monachi Historia Novorum et alia Opuscula, Book II (Paris,
1903), cols. 787-788, note 30.
18. Anselm, Epistle. 4, written in 1071 (vol. 3, 149-51); Epistle 17, written before
1074.
19. Epistles 66 and 67, written in 1076; vol. 3, 186-88.
20. Epistle 149, vol. 4, 6-10.
21. Epistle 205, vol. 4, 97-98; Episle 288, vol. 4, 207-8. See also Anselm's Prayer 10 to
St. Paul in Schmitt, Opera Omnia, 3, 33 and 39-41; Carolyn Bynum, Jesus as
Mother (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982), pp. 110-17; and S. N. Vaughn, "St. Anselm
and Women," The
Haskins Society Journal 2 (1990), 83-93.
22. Epistle 149, vol. 4, 6-10; compare Fröhlich, The Lettters of St.
Anselm,
2:13; cf. note 6.
23. Epistle 149, vol. 4, 6-10; compare Fröhlich, The Lettters of St.
Anselm, 2, 15, notes 13
and 14.
24. Eadmer, Historia Novorum in Anglia, ed. Martin Rule, Rolls Series
(London, 1884); see pp. 11-12, where he calls Lanfranc the Father of that country [England], and
Primate of All Britain; and p. 14, where he mentions the Mother Church of Canterbury. See also
Eadmer, Vita
page 16
Anselmi, p. 105, quoting Pope Urban II: "Et
quasi comparem velut
alterius orbis apostolocum et patriarcham jure venerandum censeamus." See also William of
Malmesbury,Gestis pontificum, quoting Pope Urban II: "'includamus,' inquit, 'hunc in orbe
nostro: quasi alterius orbis papem.'" William of Malmesbury, De gestis pontificum
Anglorum, ed. N. E. S. A. Hamilton, Rolls Series (London, 1870), p. 100.
25. Vaughn, Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan, pp. 152-53, and
passim.
26. Sharpe, "Eadmer's Letter to the Monks of Glastonbury," in
The Archeology and History of Glastonbury Abbey,ed. Lesley Abrams and James
P. Carley (Woodbridge, 1991), pp. 205-15; pp. 207-8.
27. Guibert of Nogent, A Monk's Confession: The Memoirs of Guibert of
Nogent, tr. Paul J. Archambault (University Park, Pa., 1996), pp. 61-63.
28. Archambault, A Monk's Confession, pp. xvii, xix.
29. Archambault, A Monk's Confession, p. xvi.
30. Guibert of Nogent, A Monk's Confession, pp. 25-28.
31. Guibert of Nogent, A Monk's Confession, pp. 29-34.
32. Archambault, A Monk's Confession, p. xvi
33. Archambault, A Monk's Confession, p. xvi
34. Epistle 209, vol. 4, 104-5: "Librum quem ego edidi, cuius titulus est
Cur Deus Homo, domnus EDMERUS, carissimus filius meus et baculus senectutis meae,
monachus Becci, cui tantum debent amici mei quantum me diligun, libenter ecclessiae Beccensi ut
filius eius transcribit." "The book which I completed, whose title is Why God became
Man, Dom EADMER, my dearest son and the staff of my old age, a monk of Bec,
whom my friends ought to love as much as they love me, willingly will transcribe for the church of
Bec as its son (my translation and emphasis). I must disagree here with the translation of
Walter Frohlich, who
argues that Anselm's statement that Eadmer was a monk of Bec is not true and is disproved by his
own words in the sentence. Anselm was not a careless writer, nor are
mistakes common in his letters. On something so important as a letter to the monk Boso, his close
friend at Bec and often his companion on his travels, Anselm was unlikely to make such a mistake.
35. See Anselm's early letters, especially Epistles 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 16, 17, 24, 25, 30 and
passim; vol. 3, 97-98; 103-5; 105-7, 108-10; 110; 111; 121-22; 122-24; 131; 132-33; and
137-39.
Among the monks Lanfranc sent to Bec were Osbern, his nephew Lanfranc, his
companion Wido (Epistle 31, vol. 3, 139), and Holvard (Epistle 33, vol. 3, 141). The Bec monks
at Canterbury included
Gundulf, Maurice, Henry, Albert, Herluin, Hernost, Maurice,
36. Eadmer, Vita Anselmi, 150-51. See Southern, Vita Anselmi, pp. ix-x,
for the possible date. One wonders if Anselm ordered Eadmer to destroy his work not so much
because of Anselm's humility, but because Eadmer revealed too much that should be kept secret.
It is significant
page 17
that in his fuller account of Anselm's pontificate after 1100, Eadmer resorts to
quoting Anselm's letters, whereas before 1100 the story is told in his own words.
37. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; A Collaborative Edition: The Annals of St. Neots
with Vita Prima Sancti Neot, ed. David Dumville and Michael Lapidge (Cambridge, Eng.,
1984),
pp. xciv-xcvi. The editors still leave some doubt, stating that both the language and syntax are
bizarre and difficult (see p. c). But they agree that Vita I was clearly from the
Anglo-Saxon school of scholarship, and that the author was definitely not Norman (pp. cix-cx).
They come to a hypothesis that the author might have been an English-educated native of
Cornwall (p. cxi) and leave the matter at that.
38. Dumville and Lapidge, The Annals of St. Neots, pp. cxiv-cxv.
39. Mabillon, Acta Sanctorum Ordinis Sancti Benedicti (Paris, 1668-1701) IV.2,
pp. 323-36; and the Bollandists' Acta Sanctorum (Brussels, 1643), July, VII. 319-29.
40. This catalogue contains an inordinate number of historical works, prominently
featuring
the works of Bede and many Roman historians; see PL 150, col. 771.
41. Dumville and Lapidge, The Annal of St. Neots, p. cxii and note 97.
42. David Knowles, C. N. L. Brooke, and Vera London, eds., Heads of Religious
Houses in England and
in Wales (Cambridge, Eng., 1972), p. 108.
43. Thurstan was sent back to Caen after the famous riot of 1083, before which he had
tried
to impose "continental customs--according to Orderic, "an alien and novel
chant from Flemings and Normans"--on the reluctant monks of Glastonbury. Orderic
Vitalis,
The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. and tr. Marjorie Chibnall, 6 vols.
(Oxford, 1969-79), 2, 270.
44. See Vaughn, Anselm of Bec and Robert of Meulan, pp. 70-77, and sources
cited there.
45. Knowles, et al., Heads of Religious Houses,p. 51.
46. William of Malmesbury, De gestis pontificum Anglorum, ed. Hamilton, p.
100.
47. Richard Sharpe, "Eadmer's Letter," p. 206.
48. Printed in Anglia Sacra, ed. H. Wharton (London, 1691),
2, 222-6l, and also in Memorials of St. Dunstan, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London,
1874), pp. 412-22; translated in Sharpe, "Eadmer's Letter," pp. 208-15.
49. Sharpe, "Eadmer's Letter," p. 206.
50. Sharpe, "Eadmer's Letter," p. 205.
51. Eadmer, Historia Novorum, pp. 1-27. Subsequent references to this edition
are given by page number in the text.
52. The Charters of Norwich Cathedral Priory, pt. 1., ed. Barbara Dodwell,
Pipe Roll Society (London, 1974), no. 260. In a charter to Norwich Cathedral Priory, Anselm
refers to himself as "Cantuariensis archiepiscopus
page 18
et majoris Britannie atque Hybernie primas"
and to Canterbury as the see "que omnium ecclesiarum totius Anglie prima est."
Queen Edith-Matilda, in an effort to gain Anselm's favor, addresses him as "Archbishop of
the Prime See of the English, Primate of the Irish and of all the Northern Islands which are called
the Orkneys"; see Epistle 242, Schmitt, Sancti Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi opera
omnia, 4: 150-52.
53. The Life of Gundulf Bishop of Rochester,ed. Rodney Thomson
(Toronto, 1977), p. 29.
54. Thompson, The Life of Gundulf, pp. 5, 16. But see Knowles et al. Heads
of Religious Houses, pp. 63-64, and p. 64 note 1, for a very different lineup of the Rochester
succession.
55. Thompson, The Life of Gundulf, pp. 17, 10.
56. Hugh the Chantor, The History of the Church of York 1066-1127, ed.
Charles Johnson (London, 1961), p. 2, citing Lanfranc as Thomas' master.
57. Lanfranc, The Letters of Lanfranc archbishop of Canterbury, ed. and tr.
Helen
Clover and Margaret Gibson (Oxford, 1979), Epistles 3, 4, and 7.
58. Margaret Gibson, Lanfranc of Bec, (Oxford, 1978), p. 211.
59. Gibson, Lanfranc of Bec,, p. 213; see also Acta Lanfranci in
Christopher Plummer, ed., Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1892)
2, 287-92.
60. Epistles 84, vol. 3, 208-9; Epistle 103, vol. 3, 236; Epistle 106, vol. 3, 239.
61. Sharpe, "Eadmer's Letter", p. 208
62. Gibson, Lanfranc of Bec, p. 196.
63. Robert of Torigny, Chronicle, in Chronicles in the Reigns of Stephen,
Henry II, and Richard I, ed. Richard Howlett, Rolls Series (London,
1889), vol. 4.
64. Robert of Torigny, Chronicle, p. 197 and note 2. Gibson, Lanfranc of
Bec, p. 199.
65. Wace, Roman de Rou de Wace, ed. A. J. Holden. Société
des
Anciens Textes Francaise, 3 vols. (Paris, 1970) 2, iii, 5305-16. I am grateful to Priscilla Watkins
for this reference.
66. De Libertate Beccensis Monasterii, in Annales Ordinis Sancti
Benedicti, ed. J. Mabillon, 6 vols. (Paris, 1739-1745), 5, 601-5; translated in S. Vaughn,
The Abbey of Bec and the Anglo-Norman State
(Woodridge, 1981), pp. 134-43.
67. Anselm, Epistle 176, vol. 4, 57-60.
68. Anselm, Epistle 210, vol. 4, 105-7, my italics.
69. Anselm, Epistle 251, vol. 4, 162-63.
70. Anselm, Epistle 293, vol. 4, 213-14.
71. Anselm, Epistle 311, vol. 5, 235-38.
72. Eadmer, Historia Novorum, p. 47.
73. Anselm, Epistle 206, vol. 4, 99-101.
74. Walter Fröhlich, Letters of Saint Anselm, introduction to Volume 1,
26-32.
75. Fröhlich, Letters of Saint Anselm, 1, 32-52.
