[Page numbers of the printed text appear at the right in bold.]

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Notes 1. The Riverside Chaucer , ed. Larry D. Benson, 3rd ed. (Boston, 1987), lines 412-16.
2. Walter Clyde Curry, Chaucer and the Medieval Sciences (New York, 1926) does emphasize the doctor's ability to speak of medicine and surgery. However, Curry sees this ability as a sign of the doctor's learning and pomposity. For Curry's emphasis on speaking, see p. 3, and for the pomposity of the doctor, see pp. 28-29.
3. Nancy G. Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine (Chicago, 1990), pp. 166-67.
4. Vern L. Bullough, The Development of Medicine as a Profession: The Contribution of the Medieval University to Modern Medicine (New York, 1966), p. 87.

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5. C. H. Talbot and E. A. Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England (London, 1965), p. vi.
6. Christian Guiller‚, "Le milieu m‚dical G‚ronais au XIVe siŠcle," CongrŠs National des Soci‚t‚s Savantes 110 (1985), 263-81.
7. Michael R. McVaugh, Medicine Before the Plague: Practitioners and Their Patients in the Crown of Aragon, 1285-1345 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 42-49.
8. For a discussion of herbs that have medical validity, see M. L. Cameron, Anglo-Saxon Medicine (Cambridge, 1993); and John M. Riddle, Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance (Cambridge, 1992).
9. Talbot and Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, p. 351.
10. Talbot and Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, p. 209.
11. Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, p. 176.
12. Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, p. 176.
13. Talbot and Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, p. 388.
14. Besides malpractice suits, surgeons were often accused of coinage in the medieval period. Along with their making surgical equipment, this implies that most surgeons had some basic knowledge of metals. For more information, see Charles H. Talbot,Medicine in Medieval England (London, 1967), p. 195.
15. Talbot and Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, p. 350.
16. Talbot and Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, p. 351. Besides serving the crown as a surgeon, most royal surgeons were given other jobs. By 1426, Morstede was appointed as the sheriff of London, a position he held for many years. For a discussion of the relationship between surgeons and the crown, see Richard Beck, The Cutting Edge (London, 1974), p. 14.
17. Talbot and Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, p. 350.
18. Talbot and Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, pp. 140-41. See also Bullough, The Development of Medicine, p. 68.
19. Talbot and Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, p. 357.
20.Beck, The Cutting Edge, p. 62.
21. Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, p. 48.
22. Beck, The Cutting Edge, p. 62; Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, p. 18.
23. For a discussion of medical study in England, see the two works by Vern L. Bullough: "Medical Study at Mediaeval Oxford," Speculum 36 (1961), 600-12; and "The Medical School at Cambridge," Mediaeval Studies 24 (1962), 161-68.
24. Cornelius O'Boyle, "Physicians and Surgeons in Paris," Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, ed. Luis Garcia-Ballester, Roger French, Jon Arrizabalaga, and Andrew Cunningham (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 170-72; Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, p. 26; Beck, The Cutting Edge, pp. 7-8.

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25. Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, pp. 178-79.
26. Beck, The Cutting Edge, p. 121; Bullough, The Development of Medicine, p. 87.
27. Catherine McEntee, The Guilds Medieval and Modern (Detroit, 1940), p. 25.
28. Bullough, The Development of Medicine, p. 87.
29. Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, p. 63, notes that the number of medical students in France peaked during the late fourteenth century and early fifteenth century. She concludes, "Evidently neither the Black Death nor the Hundred Years' War discouraged ambitious students from embarking on academic medical training." While the Black Death does not appear to affect the desire for medical students to study medicine, from the statistics concerning medical practitioners, it does appear that the Black Death did affect the number of trained medical and surgical practitioners. Furthermore, while medical practitioners recovered their losses by 1420, trained surgical practitioners did not see a similar recovery.
30. Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, p. 120
31. Bullough, The Development of Medicine, p. 95.
32. Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, p. 26; Beck, The Cutting Edge, pp. 7-8. 33. Evidence that the prohibition went unheeded relies on the fact that surgical practitioners like Lanfrank of Milan, Henri de Mondeville, and Guy du Chauliac all took holy orders and continued to practice medicine and surgery. See O'Boyle, "Physicians and Surgeons in Paris," p. 162.
34. Siraisi, Medieval & Early Renaissance Medicine, pp. 179-81.
35. Robert V. Fleischhaker, Lanfrank's "Science of Cirgurgie" (London, 1894), p. 7.
36. Marie-Christine Pouchelle, The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages, trans. Rosemary Morris (New Brunswick, 1990), p. 17.
37. Pouchelle, The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages, p. 15.
38. Pouchelle, The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages, p. 15.
39. C. H. Talbot, Medicine and Medieval England (London, 1967), p. 192, argues that the earliest surgical text was published in England in 1398. However, George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, vol. II (Baltimore, 1931), pp. 1080-81, contends that the translation of Lanfrank's work can be accurately dated to 1380.
40. Linda Ehrsam Voights, "Multitudes of Middle English Medical Manuscripts, or the Englishing of Science and Medicine," Manuscript Sources of Medieval Medicine: A Book of Essays, ed. Margaret R. Schleissner (New York, 1993), pp. 187-88.
41. Beck, The Cutting Edge, pp. 63-68.
42. Beck, The Cutting Edge, p. 68.
43. Modernized by Beck, The Cutting Edge, p. 70.
44. Talbot and Hammond, Medical Practitioners in Medieval England, p. 52.
45. For the manuscript history of the Fellowship of Surgeons, see Beck, The Cutting Edge, pp. 123-25.
46. Beck, The Cutting Edge, p. 125.