Notes

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Notes 1. Lee Patterson raises such concerns in his essay "On the Margin: Postmodernism, Ironic History, and Medieval Studies," Speculum 65 (1990), 87; see also Anne Middleton, "Medieval Studies," in Redrawing the Boundaries, ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles Gunn (New York, 1992), pp. 12-140.
2. Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" (New York, 1993), p. 21.
3. Susan Harding, "Representing Fundamentalism: The Problem of the

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Repugnant Cultural Other," Social Research 58 (1991), pp. 373-93.
4. Butler, Bodies that Matter, p. 21. My comments are indebted to this work; also Katie King, "Local and Global: AIDS Activism and Feminist Theory," Camera Obscura 28 (1992), pp. 78-99.
5. Figure 24b in John Phillips, The Reformation of Images: Destruction of Art in England, 1535-1660 (Berkeley, 1973), p. 94.
6 Janet Winterson, Sexing the Cherry (London, 1991), pp. 65-66.
7. As Peggy Phalen has remarked in The Unmarked: The Politics of Performance (New York, 1993): "[T]he very proliferation of discourse can only disable the possibility of the Real-real" (p. 3). On history and the problem of the "real," see Michel de Certeau, The Writing of History, trans., Tom Conley (New York, 1988).
8. See Margaret Aston, "Lollards and Images," Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval Religion (London, 1984), pp. 135-92.
9. For a critical analysis of the language of "choice" as part of an English history of technologies of the visible and the implications of these technologies in the production of "History" and "Nature" in transnational capitalism see Marilyn Strathern, After Nature: English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century (New York, 1992).
10. Here I want to join such work as Aston's "Lollardy and the Reformation: Survival or Revival," in her Lollards and Reformers, pp. 219-72 with questions about temporality and emergent histories raised by Homi Bhabha in his essays in The Location of Culture (New York, 1994).
11. Ann Kibbey, The Interpretation of Material Shapes in Puritanism: A Study of Rhetoric, Prejudice and Violence (New York, 1986), p.44.
12. Lyndal Roper, The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989).
13. For an important discussion of agency see Judith Butler, "Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of "Postmodernism,"" in Feminists Theorize the Political, eds., Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott (New York, 1992), pp. 3-21.
14. Butler, "Contingent Foundations," p. 20.
15. At the IMA session at which my paper was delivered, I offended several members of the audience by joining these three decisions taken in 1637. I was heard as taking gratuitous "pot-shots" at Harvard. I disagree with this reading and stand by this intervention. I intended it not as an aggrandizing or demonizing rhetorical "flourish," but as a gesture toward marking the violence of "Christian origins" of the theological universities of the United States (Harvard and Princeton), the origins of which scholars such as George Marsden invoke and to which Marsden calls for a return; see his Soul of the American University (New York, 1994). For alternative readings see Susan Howe, The Birth-mark: Unsettling the Wilderness in American Literary History (Hanover, N.H., 1993), especially "Incloser," pp. 43-86.